What is the rugae?

Rugae, also known as gastric rugae or gastric folds, are a series of ridges or folds lining the inner surface of the stomach. They are made up of thick and prominent mucosal folds that increase the surface area of the stomach lining.

Here are some key points about rugae:

1. Location and appearance: Rugae are present in the inner lining of the stomach. When the stomach is empty, the rugae appear wrinkled and collapsed. However, when the stomach expands after a meal, the rugae flatten out to accommodate the increased volume.

2. Function: The primary function of rugae is to allow the stomach to stretch and expand in response to the intake of food. This expansion helps the stomach accommodate larger quantities of food and liquid without creating excessive pressure.

3. Surface area: Rugae significantly increase the surface area of the stomach lining. This increased surface area allows for improved absorption of nutrients from digested food and facilitates the secretion of digestive enzymes and stomach acid.

4. Secretory glands: Rugae contain numerous gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid, mucus, and digestive enzymes necessary for proper digestion. These secretions help break down food and initiate the digestion process.

5. Protective role: Rugae in the stomach lining help protect the delicate gastric mucosa from mechanical abrasion caused by the movement of food and the acidic environment. They act as a cushioning layer and prevent damage to the stomach wall.

6. Gastric motility: Rugae play a role in gastric motility. When food enters the stomach, the rugae help mix and churn the contents through their contraction and relaxation, aiding in the mechanical breakdown of food.

7. Pathological changes: Certain medical conditions, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), can cause changes in the rugae. Inflammation or chronic irritation may flatten or distort the rugae, leading to alterations in the stomach's ability to stretch and function properly.

8. Diagnostic tool: The appearance and condition of rugae can provide valuable information to healthcare professionals during medical procedures such as endoscopy. Abnormalities in the rugae may indicate underlying conditions or diseases within the gastrointestinal tract.

Overall, rugae are important anatomical features of the stomach that enable it to expand, secrete digestive substances, protect the mucosal lining, and aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.